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offensive-lorawan-sub-ghz skill

by SnailSploit·SnailSploit/Claude-Red·7.0k stars·MIT

LoRaWAN and sub-GHz (433 / 868 / 915 MHz) attack methodology — LoRaWAN ABP/OTAA join attack, network/session key reuse, frame counter replay, downlink injection on TTN/Helium-style networks, sub-GHz protocol replay (KeeLoq garage doors, fixed-code remotes, TPMS spoofing, smart plug telemetry), HackRF / RTL-SDR / Flipper Zero workflows, signal analysis with Inspectrum / Universal Radio Hacker, and reconstruction of proprietary packet formats. Use for LoRaWAN deployments (smart cities, asset tracking, industrial telemetry), or any wireless device using the unlicensed 433/868/915 MHz bands (garage openers, doorbells, IoT sensors, RC equipment).

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Install the offensive-lorawan-sub-ghz skill

A skill is a folder. Copy it into your agent's skills folder and the agent loads it when the task matches its description.

git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/SnailSploit/Claude-Red.git /tmp/Claude-Red
mkdir -p ~/.claude/skills
cp -r /tmp/Claude-Red/Skills/wireless/offensive-lorawan-sub-ghz ~/.claude/skills/offensive-lorawan-sub-ghz
available in every project

In the Claude apps, zip the folder and upload it from the Skills settings. The folder on GitHub

The instructions your agent would load

SKILL.md as published, without the frontmatter. Read it on GitHub

LoRaWAN & Sub-GHz Attacks

LoRaWAN provides long-range low-bitrate communication for IoT — common in smart cities, asset tracking, and industrial telemetry. Outside LoRaWAN, the 433 / 868 / 915 MHz ISM bands host garage doors, doorbells, smart plugs, weather stations, and TPMS — most with weak or no crypto.

Quick Workflow

  1. Identify the band + modulation (LoRa CSS vs. simple OOK/FSK)
  2. Capture transmissions with appropriate hardware (HackRF / RTL-SDR / Flipper Zero)
  3. For LoRaWAN: capture join + uplinks; analyze key derivation
  4. For proprietary sub-GHz: demodulate, identify packet format, replay or craft

Hardware

LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN is a MAC layer over LoRa physical (chirp spread spectrum). Devices either:

  • OTAA (Over-the-Air Activation) — derive session keys at join
  • ABP (Activation By Personalization) — pre-flashed keys

OTAA Join Capture

# Capture LoRa packets with HackRF + Inspectrum
hackrf_transfer -r capture.iq -f 868000000 -s 1000000 -n 60000000
# Or LoRa-specific: rak_common_for_gateway

# Decode with PHY + MAC stack
git clone https://github.com/Lora-net/LoRaMac-node
# Or use ChirpStack as a sniffing gateway

The Join-Request and Join-Accept are encrypted with the device's AppKey. With AppKey (extracted from device firmware — see offensive-iot):

  • Decrypt Join-Accept → recover NwkSKey, AppSKey
  • Subsequent traffic decryption + injection

ABP — Pre-Flashed Keys

ABP devices have NwkSKey + AppSKey flashed at manufacture. Common flaws:

  • Same key across thousands of devices (vendor laziness)
  • No frame counter rollover protection → replay any historical uplink
  • DevAddr predictability (sequential allocation)
# If you have NwkSKey + AppSKey + DevAddr, decode/inject with lorawan-test-tools
git clone https://github.com/IoTsec/loraserver-attack-tools
python lora_inject.py --nwkskey <NWKS> --appskey <APPS> --devaddr <ADDR>

Frame Counter Replay

Older LoRaWAN 1.0.x doesn't enforce strict frame counter monotonicity in all stacks. Replay an uplink with a different timestamp → server processes as fresh.

Downlink Injection

If you control AppSKey + NwkSKey, you can inject downlinks (configuration changes, remote commands) to devices.

Sub-GHz Proprietary Protocols

Quick Capture + Replay (Flipper Zero / HackRF)

# RTL-SDR live monitor
rtl_433 -f 433.92M -A     # auto-decode many devices
gqrx                       # interactive spectrum analyzer

# Flipper Zero Sub-GHz menu: Read → identify modulation → capture → save
# Then replay from the saved file

# HackRF capture
hackrf_transfer -r garage.iq -f 433920000 -s 8000000 -n 80000000
# Inspectrum to visualize, identify OOK / FSK, decode bits

KeeLoq (Old Garage Doors, Some Cars)

KeeLoq uses a 32-bit block cipher with a manufacturer key. The manufacturer key was extracted publicly years ago for major brands. With it:

  • Decrypt rolling code → predict next valid code
  • Combined with capture-replay, take over the remote
# rolling-code-tools (research)
git clone https://github.com/AndrewMohawk/RollingPwn

Modern KeeLoq deployments (last 5 years) have rotated manufacturer keys, but legacy hardware (older garage doors, some industrial equipment) is in scope.

Fixed-Code Remotes

Many cheap garage openers, doorbells, and smart plugs use fixed codes — the same packet every time you press the button. Capture once, replay forever.

# Flipper Zero: Read → Save → Send (from saved file)
# Or with RFCat:
python -c "import rflib; ..."
# OR with HackRF:
hackrf_transfer -t replay.iq -f 433920000 -s 8000000

TPMS Spoofing

Tire-pressure monitoring sensors broadcast at 315/433 MHz with no authentication. Spoof low-pressure alerts:

# Capture legitimate TPMS
rtl_433 -f 315M -F json | grep TPMS

# Synthesize crafted alerts (custom modulator with HackRF)
# Useful for testing TPMS-aware vehicle systems or as denial-of-trust attack

Reconstruction of Unknown Protocols

# Universal Radio Hacker (URH) — visual reverse engineering
urh
# Load .iq capture, identify modulation visually,
# auto-detect symbols, decode bits, identify packet structure

URH walks you from raw RF to a parsed protocol description, even with no docs.

Engagement Cheatsheet

# 1. Identify band + modulation
rtl_433 -f <freq> -A           # auto-detect known protocols
gqrx                           # spectrum view to find activity

# 2. For LoRaWAN
#    - Set up gateway (or HackRF + LoRa decoding)
#    - Capture joins + uplinks
#    - Extract keys from device firmware (see offensive-iot)

# 3. For proprietary sub-GHz
#    - Capture with HackRF / RTL-SDR
#    - Visualize / decode with Inspectrum or URH
#    - Replay or craft

# 4. Document modulation, frequency, packet format, replay viability

Detection

  • LoRaWAN networks have server-side anomaly detection (frame counter, signal strength, geographic) — varies widely by operator
  • Sub-GHz consumer products typically have no monitoring
  • TPMS / industrial equipment has minimal telemetry on RF anomalies

Reporting

  • Identify exact frequency, modulation, baud, and packet format per device
  • Distinguish capture-replay vs. crafted-frame attacks
  • Note crypto state (cleartext / weak-fixed-key / standards-compliant)
  • For LoRaWAN: identify AppKey / NwkSKey / AppSKey storage in firmware

Key References

  • rtl433 protocol database: github.com/merbanan/rtl433
  • Universal Radio Hacker: github.com/jopohl/urh
  • RollingPwn (KeeLoq research): github.com/AndrewMohawk/RollingPwn
  • LoRaWAN Specification: lora-alliance.org
  • Source: https://github.com/SnailSploit/offensive-checklist/blob/main/wireless.md

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